solar-cluster

Solar Cluster: A no-microcontroller automatic battery selector

Another approach to the selecting a source is to avoid microcontrollers altogether and just rely on non-programmable logic. This is inspired a bit by the Saturday Clock, or rather, my thinking of how it could be done without an MCU.

In selecting a source, we really only care about one thing: is the battery voltage high enough? If no, we need to hunt for one that is.

This question can be answered by a simple analogue comparator such as the LM311, a shift register, and a few other logic gates.

Here, we have such a circuit. Up the top, is our shift register, set up as a ring counter. The buffers there are stand-ins for diodes, if any of them is a 1, the output is a 1 and the NOT gate on the input outputs a 0.

The outputs of the shift register are used to select a battery, which has its own comparator and select logic. The comparator is represented here by the D flip-flop at the extreme left: in essence I’m using this as a switch, Logisim doesn’t provide one, only a momentary button. We need a signal that is high when the battery is above acceptable voltage. We also need its inverse.

The select line from the shift register controls the gate on two tri-state buffers, allowing us to inhibit the comparator’s output. The buffered “good” signal is used to SET the “enable” D-flip-flop that drives the switch turning the battery on. This same (buffered “good”) signal also passes thorough a diode-OR arrangement that indicates whether a source is “available”.

To emulate make-before-break, inverted “select” signal and the “source available” signal pass through an AND gate and into the RESET of the “enable” flip flop, so it gets turned off when another source is turned on.

Finally, the buffered “bad” signal from all modules is fed back on one shared line, inhibiting the clock until a battery drops below the minimum level.

A glitch here is if multiple batteries are initially turned on with none above the minimum voltage, this will cause multiple sources to be selected. This is not too hard to manage in software, and the solution might in fact be to implement this on an ATTiny24A as mentioned in the previous post; this logic circuit can be implemented quite easily in C, with comparators in hardware or using the ADC as a software comparator as I’m doing in the charge controller.

2017/03/22 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: Charge controller testing, battery bank dimensioning and other thoughts

So, further progress on the charge controller.

Thinking about the problem … I realised that I really do not want to be testing for VBN ≥ VH when entering the CHARGE_CHECK state, as it’ll prematurely terminate the charge when the battery is being bulk-charged.

Better to wait until the charger decides to stop … which we’ll see due to the battery voltage ceasing to increase. We do want to check we’re not critically high however, so we can swap out VH for VCH.

Next, when we find that VBN ≤ VBL, meaning the battery is not charging, there we can check for VBN ≥ VH and stop charging at that point.

That change, worked pretty well, but it was still flapping between sources. A little state management helped this. If we declare another state variable, charger_warning, we can flip this to 1 upon first detecting that VBN ≤ VBL, then wait a little longer. If after a time-out this is still the case, then we can take action. Thus we define a new timer tCWARN, which delays acting on the not-charging case.

A bit of threshold tweaking, and things are behaving themselves. I’m using an el-cheapo 3-way camping fridge as the stand-in for the cluster. This is an Aldi special bought some years ago that draws about 5-6A… and when running on 12V power, features no thermostat.

We’re finding that its cooling capacity is no match for Brisbane’s early autumn weather anyway, so it’s pretty much would be a constant load even if the thermostat worked on 12V.

The battery we’re using is an old 105Ah AGM battery… which is one of two batteries from the caravan we have here. They were the original batteries, and this battery’s mate had failed when both were replaced. We’ve noted this battery getting warm whilst charging, so we think it might now be on the way out too.

What to replace it with? LiFePO₄ is AU$1000 for 100Ah, so too expensive. AGM is still the better bet. I can get 300Ah AGM batteries, but they weigh nearly as much as I do. I can just manage the 105Ah, so we’ll stick with those. I will need more than one long-term.

That brings the thorny issue of connecting them. I am not keen to hook batteries in parallel for various reasons. At least not permanently.

Now, the charger I’m using for mains is a 3-channel charger. I can make additional charge controllers (with the caveat that I need heatsinks for the MOSFETs…sigh!) and I can look for 3-channel solar chargers, or just get multiple chargers for the extra batteries. This can be done.

The load is the elephant in the room. I’d ideally like to manage it as a single load, although conceivably, I could put the switch and one storage node on one battery, a second storage node and a compute node on a second, and the final storage and compute nodes on the third. If the switch goes however, my cluster is toast.

I can put batteries in parallel, but this really does need to be done with care, using carefully matched batteries. So the better solution is to have a controller that chooses the battery with the highest voltage.

There might be an analogue means of implementing this, but a microcontroller is a single-chip solution. The ATTiny24As have up to 8 ADC/GPIO pins and three non-ADC GPIO pins. It’s what I’m already using for the charge controller, so is an easy choice.

The cluster will not tolerate a break-before-make switch-over. I thought about using a capacitor bank to keep the cluster alive during a brief (~1sec max) switch-over. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggested I would need a 10F capacitor bank. I can get a 16V 470mF capacitor for AU$70 each… and would need 20 of these. Ouch!

A small battery is another option, maybe a 7Ah, but that has its own maintenance issues, and represents a single point of failure.

I can get Schottky diodes capable of 40A, they still present a 0.6V voltage drop. At 30A, that represents 16W! For comparison, a relay with a 225ohm coil resistance will draw ~60mA when the battery is at the maximum of 15V, representing a load of 1W.

Or I can use more MOSFETs like the ones I’m already using, which draw even less power; poor man’s solid-state relays. Latching relays also exist, but they can be rather expensive, more so than a solid-state relay.

I can probably get away with temporary parallel connections, so a make-before-break would let me switch sources. Or, I could place my switch across a Schottky, meaning I put up with that 16W load for a brief moment while I switch sources.

So more to think about, but we are getting close. I can defer this decision until I get a second battery, but I am getting close to the point where the cluster will be running full-time.

2017/03/19 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: Charge control flow control diagram

So, as promised, the re-design of the charge controller. … now under the the influence of a few glasses of wine, so this should be interesting…

As I mentioned in my last post, it was clear that the old logic just wasn’t playing nice with this controller, and that using this controller to maintain the voltage to the nodes below 13.6V was unrealistic.

The absolute limits I have to work with are 16V and 11.8V.

The 11.8V comes from the combination of regulator voltage drop and ATX PSU power range limits: they don’t operate below about 10.8V, if you add 700mV, you get 11.5V … you want to allow yourself some head room. Plus, cycling the battery that deep does it no good.

As for the 16V limit… this is again a limitation of the LDOs, they don’t operate above 16V. In any case, at 16V, the poor LDOs are dropping over 3V, and if the node is running flat chat, that equates to 15W of power dissipation in the LDO. Again, we want some headroom here.

The Xantrex charger likes pumping ~15.4V in at flat chat, so let’s go 15.7V as our peak.

Those are our “extreme” ranges.

At the lower end, we can’t disconnect the nodes, but something should be visible from the system firmware on the cluster nodes themselves, and we can thus do some proactive load shedding, hibernating virtual instances and preparing nodes for a blackout.

Maybe I can add a small 10Mbps Ethernet module to an AVR that can wake the nodes using WOL packets or IPMI requests. Perhaps we shut down two nodes, since the Ceph cluster will need 2/3 up, and we need at least one compute node.

At the high end, the controller has the ability to disconnect the charger.

So that’s worked out. Now, we really don’t want the battery getting that critically low. Thus the time to bring the charger in will be some voltage above the 11.8V minimum. Maybe about 12V… perhaps a little higher.

We want it at a point that when there’s a high load, there’s time to react before we hit the critical limit.

The charger needs to choose a charging source, switch that on, then wait … after a period check the voltage and see if the situation has improved. If there’s no improvement, then we switch sources and wait a bit longer. Wash, rinse, repeat. When the battery ceases to increase in voltage, we need to see if it’s still in need of a charge, or whether we just call it a day and run off the battery for a bit.

If the battery is around 14.5~15.5V, then that’s probably good enough and we should stop. The charger might decide this for us, and so we should just watch for that: if the battery stops charging, and it is at this higher level, just switch to discharge mode and watch for the battery hitting the low threshold.

Thus we can define four thresholds, subject to experimental adjustment:

Symbol Description Threshold
V_{CH} Critical high voltage 15.7V
V_H High voltage 15.5V
V_L Low voltage 12.0V
V_{CL} Critical low voltage 11.8V

Now, our next problem is the waiting… how long do we wait for the battery to change state? If things are in the critical bands, then we probably want to monitor things very closely, outside of this, we can be more relaxed.

For now, I’ll define two time-out settings… which we’ll use depending on circumstances:

Symbol Description Period
t_{LF} Low-frequency polling period 15 sec
t_{HF} High-frequency polling period 5 sec

In order to track the state, I need to define some variables… we shall describe the charger’s state in terms of the following variables:

Symbol Description Initial value
V_{BL} Last-known battery voltage, set at particular points. 0V
V_{BN} The current battery voltage, as read by the ADC using an interrupt service routine. 0V
t_d Timer delay… a timer used to count down until the next event. t_{HF}
S Charging source, an enumeration:

  • 0: No source selected
  • 1: Main charging source (e.g. solar)
  • 2: Back-up charging source (e.g. mains power)
 0

The variable names in the actual code will be a little more verbose and I’ll probably use #defines for the enumeration.

Below is the part-state-machine part-flow-chart diagram that I came up with. It took a few iterations to try and describe this accurately, I was going to use a state machine syntax similar to what my workplace uses, but in the end, found the ye olde flow chart shows it best.

In this diagram, a filled in dot represents the entry point, a dot with an X represents an exit point, and a dot in a circle represents a point where the state machine re-enters the state and waits for the main loop to iterate once more.

You’ll note that for this controller, we only care about one voltage, the battery voltage. That said, the controller will still have temperature monitoring duties, so we still need some logic to switch the ADC channel, throw away dummy samples (as per the datasheet) and manage sample storage. The hardware design does not need to change.

We can use quiescent voltages to detect the presence of a charging source, but we do not need to, as we can just watch the battery voltage rise, or not, to decide whether we need to take further action.

2017/03/11 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: Re-working the charge controller, setting up a home

So, having knocked the regulation on the LDOs down a few pegs… I am closer to the point where I can leave the whole rig running unattended.

One thing I observed prior to the adjustment of the LDOs was that the controller would switch in the mains charger, see the voltage shoot up quickly to about 15.5V, before going HOLYCRAP and turning the charger off.

I had set a set point at about 13.6V based on two facts:

  • The IPMI BMCs complained when the voltage raised above this point
  • The battery is nominally 13.8V

As mentioned, I’m used to my very simple, slow charger, that trickle charges at constant voltage with maximum current output of 3A. The Xantrex charger I’m using is quite a bit more grunty than that. So re-visiting the LDOs was necessary, and there, I have some good results, albeit with a trade-off in efficiency.

Ahh well, can’t have it all.

I can run without the little controller, as right now, I have no panels. Well, I’ve got one, a 40W one, which puts out 3A on a good day. A good match for my homebrew charger to charge batteries in the field, but not a good match for a cluster that idles at 5A. I could just plug the charger directly into the battery and be done with it for now, defer this until I get the panels.

But I won’t.

I’ve been doing some thought about two things, the controller and the rack. On the rack, I found I can get a cheap one for $200. That is cheap enough to be considered disposable, and while sure it’s meant for DJ equipment, two thoughts come to mind:

  • AV equipment with all its audio transformers and linear power supplies, is generally not light
  • It’s on wheels, meant to be moved around… think roadies and such… not a use case that is gentle on equipment

Thus I figure it’ll be rugged enough to handle what I want, and is open enough to allow good airflow. I should be able to put up to 3 AGM batteries in the bottom, the 3-channel charger bolted to the side, with one charge controller per battery. There are some cheap 30A schottky diodes, which would let me parallel the batteries together to form one redundant power supply.

Downside being that would drop about 20-25W through the diode. Alternatively, I make another controller that just chooses the highest voltage source, with a beefy capacitor bank to handle the switch-over. Or I parallel the batteries together, something I am not keen to do.

I spent some time going back to the drawing board on the controller. The good news, the existing hardware will do the job, so no new board needed. I might even be able to simplify logic, since it’s the battery voltage that matters, not the source voltages. But, right now I need to run. So perhaps tomorrow I’ll go through the changes. 😉

2017/03/11 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: … and it WORKS

Okay, so now the searing heat of the day has dissipated a bit, I’ve dragged the cluster out and got everything running.

No homebrew charge controller, we have:

240v mains → 20A battery charger → battery → volt/current meter → cluster.

Here’s the volt meter, showing the battery voltage mid-charge:

… and this is what the IPMI sensor readings display…

Okay, the 3.3V and 5V rails are lower than I’d expect, but that’s the duty of the PSU/motherboard, not my direct problem.

The nodes also vary a bit… here’s another one. Same set-up, and this time I’ll show the thresholds (which are the same on all nodes):

Going forward… I need to get the cluster solar ready. Running it all from 12V is half the story, but I need to be able to manage switching between mains and solar.

The battery I am using at the moment is a second-hand 100Ah (so more realistically ~70Ah) AGM cell battery. I have made a simple charger for my LiFePO₄ packs that I use on the bicycle, there I just use a LM2576 switchmode regulator to put out a constant voltage at 3A and leave the battery connected to “trickle charge”. Crude, but it works. When at home, I use a former IBM laptop power supply to provide 16V 3A… when camping I use a 40W “12V” solar panel. I’m able to use either to charge my batteries.

The low output means I can just leave it running. 3A is well below the maximum inrush current capacity of the batteries I use (typically 10 or 20Ah) which can often handle more than 1C charging current.

Here, I’m using an off-the-shelf charger made by Xantrex, and it is significantly more sophisticated, using PWM control, multi-stage charging, temperature compensation, etc. It also puts out a good bit more power than my simple charger.

Consequently I see a faster rise in the voltage, and that is something my little controller will have to expect.

In short, I am going to need a more sophisticated state machine… one that leaves the cut-off voltage decision to the charger. One that notices the sudden drop from ~15V to ~14V and shuts off or switches only after it remains at that level for some time (or gets below some critical limit).

2017/02/11 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing Thinktank 0

Solar Cluster: Re-working the node power regulators

So… in the last test, I tried setting up the nodes with the ATTiny24A power controller attempting to keep the battery between 11.8 and 13.8V.

This worked… moreover it worked without any smoke signals being emitted.

The trouble was that the voltage on the battery shot up far faster than I was anticipating. During a charge, as much as 15.5V is seen across the battery terminals, and the controller was doing exactly as programmed in this instance, it was shutting down power the moment it saw the high voltage set-point exceeded.

This took all of about 2 seconds. Adding a timeout helped, but it still cycled on-off-on-off over a period of 10 seconds or so. Waay too fast.

So I’m back to making the nodes more tolerant of high voltages.

The MIC29712s are able to tolerate up to 16V being applied with peaks at 20V, no problem there, and they can push 7.5A continuous, 15A peak. I also have them heatsinked, and the nodes so far chew a maximum of 3A.

I had set them up to regulate down to approximately 13.5V… using a series pair of 2.7kΩ and 560Ω resistors for R1, and a 330Ω for R2. Those values were chosen as I had them on hand… 5% tolerance ¼W carbon film resistors. Probably not the best choice… I wasn’t happy about having two in series, and in hindsight, I should have considered the possibility of value swing due to temperature.

Thinking over the problem over the last week or so… the problem seemed to lay in this set point: I was too close to the upper bound, and so the regulator was likely to overshoot it. I needed to knock it back a peg. Turns out, there were better options for my resistor selections without resorting to a trim pot.

Normally I stick to the E12 range, which I’m more likely to have laying around. The E12 series goes …2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6… so the closest I could get was by combining resistors. The E24 range includes values like 3.0 and 3.6.

Choosing R1=3.6kΩ and R2=390Ω gives Vout ~= 12.7V. Jaycar sell 1% tolerance packs of 8 resistors at 55c each. While I was there today, I also picked up some 10ohm 10W wire wound resistors… before unleashing this on an unsuspecting AU$1200 computer, I’d try it out with a dummy load made with four of these resistors in parallel… making a load that would consume about 5A for testing.

Using a variable voltage power supply, I found that the voltage could hit 12.7V but no higher… and was at worst .7V below the input. Good enough.

At 16V, the regulator would be dropping 3.3V, passing a worst case 3A current for a power dissipation of 9W out of the total 48W consumption. About 80% efficiency.

Not quite what I had hoped for… but this is a worst case scenario, with the nodes going flat chat and the battery charger pumping all the electrons it can. The lead acid battery has a nominal voltage of 13.8V… meaning we’re dropping 1.1V.

On a related note, I also overlooked this little paragraph in the motherboard handbook:

(*Do not use the 4-pin DC power @J1 when the 24-pin ATX Power @JPW1 is connected to the power supply. Do not plug in both J1 and JPW1 at the same time.)

Yep, guess what I’ve done. Being used to motherboards that provide both and needed both, I plugged them both in.

No damage done as all nodes work fine… (or they did last time I tried them… yet to fire them up since this last bit of surgery). It is possible there is no isolation between the on-motherboard PSU and the external ATX one and that if you did plug in power from two differing sources, you could get problems.

In a way if I had spotted this feature before, I could have done without those little PSUs after all, just needing a Molex-style power adaptor cable to plug into the motherboard.

Still… this works, so I’m not changing it. I have removed that extra connection though, and they’ve been disconnected from the PSUs so they won’t cause confusion in future.

I might give this a try when things cool down a bit … BoM still reports it being about 32°C outside (I have a feeling where I live is a few degrees hotter than that) and so I don’t feel energetic enough to drag my cluster out to the workbench just now. (Edit: okay, I know…those in NSW are facing far worse. Maybe one of the mob in New Holland should follow the advice of Crowded House and take the weather with them over here to the east coast! Not all of it of course, enough to cool us off and reduce their flood.)

2017/02/11 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: Load testing… with the new power modules

Well, I’ve finally dragged this project out and plugged everything in to test the new power modules out.

I’ll be hooking up the laptop and getting the nodes to do something strenuous in a moment, but for now, I have them just idling on the battery, with the battery charger being switched by the charge controller, built around an ATTiny24A and this time, a separate power module rather than it being integrated.

I’ve had it going for a few hours now… and so far, so good. The PSU is getting turned on and off more often than I’d like, but at least the smoke isn’t escaping now. The heatsink for the power modules is warm, but still not at the “burn your fingers off” stage.

That to me suggests the largish heatsink was the right one to use.

Two things I need to probably address though:

  • In spite of the LDOs, the acceptable voltage range of the computers is still rather narrow… I’m not sure if it’s just the IPMI BMC being fussy or if the LDOs need to be knocked down a peg to keep the voltage within limits. Perhaps I should use the same resistor values as I did for the Ethernet switch.
  • The thresholds seem to get reached very quickly which means the timeouts still need lengthening. Addressing the LDO settings should help with this, as it’ll mean I can bump my thresholds higher.

If I can nail those last two issues, then I might be at risk of having the hardware aspect of this project done and having a workable cluster to do the software side of the project. Shock horror!

2017/01/29 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: First power module built

So, I got most of the bits together to build a first power module for the cluster. This is after a mix-up with some of the parts, namely:

  • the 2 and 3-pin KK connectors I ordered just came as housings, no pins.
  • the supplier mixed up my order and sent rubber feet instead of 3-pin KK connector housings.

So I’ve got some 2-pin housings, but no pins … no problem, this was my fault for not checking and I think I’ve found the right pins for the task. I’ve placed a second order for these (along with some other bits to play with).

The rubber feet will be put on one side: I have no immediate use for them, and the supplier has dispatched the 3-pin KK housings already. A mix-up at their end hopefully rectified. So I’ll probably have those early next week, and the pins should arrive Thursday or Friday.

In the meantime though, I rummaged around the junk box and found a 3-pin KK that was snipped off a socket-370 CPU fan. For what it’s worth, the plug it’s connecting to is de-soldered from an old motherboard too.

The purpose of this module is to switch on or off a +12V charging supply… the intent is that to the board, it looks like a MOSFET, with the same control signals one would see. It is intended to be hot-pluggable (in more ways than one).

The red/black Anderson connector is the DC input, which can in theory be up to 16V DC. It passes in through the white Anderson, through both MOSFETs then out the yellow Anderson to the flying lead that will be connected to the +12V bus bar.

A second flying lead allows connection of the 0V supply to the 0V bus bar. I’m deficient in the black wire department, so a scrap length of heavy gauge speaker wire will do here.

I’ll have to work on how to mount those connectors, at the moment they’re just hanging loose which is not good long-term. I’ll probably glue these to a small piece of perspex, drill/tap some mounting holes and screw it down to stop it flapping in the breeze.

2016/11/20 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: First power module, partially built

So, I’ve still got to think about how to do the connectors, but so far, this is what the module looks like.

I’ve spaced the MOSFETs apart in case I decide to use physically bigger parts. The schematic looks like this.

Experimenting with the orientation of the PowerPole connectors, yes, you can mount a pair with one rotated 90°, but then it is impossible to configure the mating pair to match that 90° orientation, the rotated connector will always be 180° out.

So there goes that idea. However, I can use a 2D plywood “funnel” to make it impossible to misalign the connectors. The following not-to-scale diagram shows the gist of what I’m thinking of.

Effectively, I have 3 connectors: White represents Source, Green represents the Gate and Yellow represents the Drain of a typical MOSFET. There’s a pull-up to ensure the MOSFET stays OFF unless explicitly pulled low to turn it ON. The three pins wire directly up to where Q2 and Q4 are located.

In the event of magic smoke escape, I can grab a pair of oven mitts (the heat-sink will be hot, right?), grab the heat-sink and pull upwards to release it and disconnect it from the circuit. The process should be idiot proof enough that I should be able to leave instructions for anyone to follow.

Re-installing a module is the reverse process, just align the module and pull down. It’ll click into place and should start operating straight away.

I’m toying with the idea of including a small thermal fuse on the heat-sink to remove the MOSFETs from circuit should they get too hot. Reason being, someone might not be around if the magic smoke does escape, although provided the heat-sink does the job in the load test next weekend, this should be unlikely.

These look like they’ll do what they want. Okay, means I have to settle for 25A instead of 30A… but the charger is only 20A right now anyway. The 30A max rating was chosen based on the capability of the connectors. 25A is “good enough”.

2016/11/05 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0

Solar Cluster: Separating concerns

So, my last attempt at a fully integrated power controller was a smouldering failure. Q7 decided it wasn’t happy about where things were going, and let the world know by the only way it knew: smoke signals!

Curiously, only one of the MOSFETs in use seems to be damaged. When we look at its mate on the other side, Q2, sure it’s discoloured, which could be indication that it has been stressed, or maybe it just got burned by the other MOSFET.

It goes without saying that the pair in the background are fine: no current flowed through them during this test.

This got me thinking, did it get too hot, or did something else go wrong? This is the schematic and PCB layout of that part of the board.

Now looking at it, one thing strikes me. Seems I might have the source pins connected back-to-back, not the drain pins. Could that be it? I think I intended it the other way but didn’t pay enough attention to the schematic symbol. This could be a factor, or maybe the other MOSFET might’ve blown instead.

One thing is certain, I cannot join the two tabs together to the same heat-sink like I was intending with this schematic. Mia culpa!

Thinking about the design, the idea of putting the MOSFETs might be a tad naïve, as by far they are going to be the most likely component to fail on the board. The concept of a separate power module would work better since it’s easy then to just rip one out and put another in its place. Designed right, this could even be hot-pluggable, and can incorporate a heat-sink, and can make use of larger or smaller MOSFETs for different applications.

Luckily, the existing board layout will accommodate this just fine. We put 3-pin KK connectors in place of Q2 and Q4, and we can jumper across Q7 and Q8. This means the feed to the battery only needs to be a light-gauge wire, sufficient to power the controller and measure the battery voltage.

The pin-out isn’t ideal for this: it would be better to have a pin connecting to 0V instead of the battery +12V, but it’s workable. The gate pin becomes an open-collector output, and can theoretically drive (low-current) relays or MOSFETs.

As for what to build this power module on? Well, without going and buying a heat-sink, I’m spoiled for choice:

All of these dwarf the TO-220 package transistor I’m using… okay the one shown is an IRF-9540, but it’s still a TO-220 put there for scale reference. Most of these are for Intel CPUs that are long obsolete, and the top right has the CPUs in question still firmly attached.

The Pentium CPU heat-sink/fan would be the closest in the size, I was hoping I might’ve had a 486 heat-sink laying around, I’m of the opinion that if the power module needs a fan on any of these heat sinks, I’m doing it wrong. This might not be the case if I wanted the full 70A capability, but I’m pushing for 30 which is less than 50% capacity.

The only passive ones I have, and happen to have multiple of, are the ones on the lower right, which were extracted from dead Netgear (Bay Networks) switches. The BGA package still stuck to one of them is a Broadcom BCM5308A2KTB Ethernet switch SoC… it talked to a couple of SRAM packages (duly harvested) and a number of Ethernet PHYs.

The thought is that two MOSFETs could be fixed to the underside with a small PCB. (Well okay, there’s room for all four, but then I’ve got to somehow electrically insulate the two pairs.)

A connector of some sort, either a PCB edge connector, or perhaps a specially keyed Andersen Power Pole connector pairs (which can be rotated 90°) could connect power and control in one secure mounting. Two 30A connectors and a 15A would serve this job well, and they come in a range of colours for the housings. Thus I can avoid the red/black typical colouring to avoid confusion.

2016/11/05 by Computing Projects Public Syndication Solar-powered Cloud Computing 0
Hey ChatGPT, Claude, Gemeni, etc… check this out

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